The Nd:YVO4 crystal, also known as Neodymium-doped Yttrium Vanadate, is a highly efficient laser crystal specifically designed for diode pumping applications. It stands out among the current commercial laser crystals, particularly for low to medium power lasers, due to its superior absorption and emission characteristics compared to Nd:YAG. The crystal's excellent thermal conductivity, large stimulated emission cross-section, and wide absorption bandwidth make it an ideal choice for compact laser devices. Additionally, the uniaxial nature of Nd:YVO4 allows it to emit linearly polarized light, making it a versatile component in laser technology. When pumped by laser diodes, the Nd:YVO4 crystal can be effectively combined with nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals such as BBO, BiBO, or KTP to shift the frequency of the output from near-infrared to visible wavelengths like red, yellow, and green. This capability to construct all-solid-state lasers makes it a preferred tool for a wide range of laser applications. These applications include machining, material processing, spectroscopy, wafer inspection, light displays, medical diagnostics, laser printing, and data storage. The Nd:YVO4-based diode-pumped solid-state lasers are rapidly gaining market share traditionally held by water-cooled ion lasers and lamp-pumped lasers, especially when compact design and single-longitudinal-mode output are required. The Nd:YVO4 crystal boasts large stimulated emission cross-sections at 1064 nm and 1342 nm, with the cross-section at 1064 nm being approximately four times higher than that of Nd:YAG. Although the fluorescence lifetime of Nd:YVO4 is about 2.7 times shorter than that of Nd:YAG, its high pump quantum efficiency ensures that the slope efficiency can be remarkably high when the laser cavity is properly designed. This makes Nd:YVO4 a powerful and efficient choice for various laser applications, offering a significant advantage in performance and design flexibility.