Bismuth Germanate (BGO) - Bi4Ge3O12 is a remarkable inorganic oxide known for its crystalline cubic eulytine structure. This material is colorless, transparent, and insoluble in water, making it a highly stable component for various scientific applications. Its unique properties are highlighted when it is exposed to high-energy particles or radiation sources such as gamma rays and X-rays, where it emits a distinct green fluorescent light with a peak wavelength of 480 nm.

BGO is renowned for its high stopping power and scintillation efficiency, which makes it an excellent choice for scintillation materials. Additionally, it offers good energy resolution and is non-hygroscopic, further enhancing its utility in demanding environments. These attributes have established BGO as a valuable material across a broad spectrum of fields including high energy physics, nuclear physics, space physics, nuclear medicine, and geological exploration.

With a density of 7.13 g/cm3, a radiation length of 1.12 cm, and a decay constant of 0.3 μs, BGO demonstrates impressive physical characteristics. Its emission peak at 480 nm and light yield at 8% relative to NaI:Tl further underscore its effectiveness. The material boasts a melting point of 1050°C and a hardness of 5 on the Mohs scale, with a refractive index of 2.15. Notably, BGO is non-hygroscopic and lacks cleavage, ensuring its durability and reliability in various applications.