Search Results for: electron beam

Optical fibers are a convenient instrument for robust light transfer. Their low losses have enabled their wide use in long distance telecommunication systems while service providers like AT&T, Verizon ...

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (or FTIR, for short) is a method of exploring the physical properties of solids, liquids, and gases. More specifically, it allows the study of the absorptive and ...

The millimeter-wave (MMW) region of the electromagnetic spectrum is a region of frequency band between 30 gigahertz and 300 gigahertz, and it is called the Extremely High Frequency range. These high ...

Edge emitting and surface emitting lasers present two configurations for laser emission using semiconductors. Edge emitting lasers came first but were quickly replaced by surface emitting lasers for ...

Laser marking of metals is becoming an increasingly important process in product identification and branding. On our blog, we have previously written about the basic principles of laser marking, the proper ...

Ever since graphene sheets were isolated from bulk graphite in 2004, two-dimensional materials have received an immense amount of interest for their unexpected and novel electronic and optical properties. ...

Low temperature physics has helped us produce exotic quantum materials such as superconductors. This usually requires cryogenic fluids such as liquid nitrogen and helium for operation. Recently cooling ...

Since the first demonstration of the laser in 1960, people have endeavored to make lasers more compact. Semiconductor lasers achieved this desired compactness employing so called heterostructures. This ...

Since the invention of the first operating laser in 1960, lasers have been designed in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and output powers. Soon after the advent of semiconductor fabrication ...

Silicon photonics is the technology of using optical processing components made of silicon itself, rather than other materials. Electronic interconnects with copper contribute to high power consumption and ...